Computer
The Next Generation Internet : IPv6
April 21, 2011 | 
Author IPv6
IPv6 or Internet Protocol Version 6 is the next generation protocol for the Internet. It’s designed to provide several advantages over current Internet Protocol Version 4 (or IPv4).
Both IPv6 and IPv4 define network layer protocol i.e., how data is sent from one computer to another computer over packet-switched networks such as the Internet.
Specifically, IPv6 contains addressing and control information to route packets for the next generation Internet.We believe that the expansion of the Internet is important and upgrades are sometimes warranted.
Gathering information concering every aspects of IPv6 we would hope to provide knowledge about this technology so everyone can benefit. It is therefore also called the Next Generation Internet Protocol or IPng.
Pv6 is documented in several RFCs (or request for comments) starting from RFC 2460. Although IPv6 is the successor of IPv4, both protocol versions will continue to be data-oriented protocols for the Internet in the coming years.
Pv6 addresses the main problem of IPv4, that is, the exhaustion of addresses to connect computers or host in a packet-switched network. IPv6 has a very large address space and consists of 128 bits as compared to 32 bits in IPv4.
Therefore, it is now possible to support 2^128 unique
IP addresses, a substantial increase in number of computers that can be addressed with the help of
IPv6 addressing scheme.
n addition, this addressing scheme will also eliminate the need of NAT (network address translation) that causes several networking problems (such as hiding multiple hosts behind pool of IP addresses)
in end-to-end nature of the Internet.
Qos
IPV6 brings quality of service that is required for several new applications such as IP telephony, video/audio, interactive games or ecommerce. Whereas IPv4 is a best effort service, IPv6 ensures QoS, a set of service requirements to deliver performance guarantee while transporting traffic over the network.
For networking traffic, the quality refers to data loss, latency (jitter) or bandwidth. In order to implement QOS marking, IPv6 provides a traffic-class field (8 bits) in the IPv6 header. It also has a 20-bit flow label.
Mobile IPv6
This feature ensures transport layer connection survivability and allows a computer or a host to remain reachable regardless of its location in an IPv6 network and, in effect, ensures transport layer connection survivability.
Other features of IPv6 :
Stateless Auto-reconfiguration of Hosts
This feature allows IPv6 host to configure automatically when connected to a routed IPv6 network.
Network-layer security
Pv6 implements network-layer encryption and authentication via IPsec.
Summary of Benefits in a nutshell:
1) Increased address space
2) More efficient routing
3) Reduced management requirement
4) Improved methods to change ISP
5) Better mobility support
6) Multi-homing
7) Security
8) Scoped address: link-local, site-local and global-address space
Posted in Computer, Internet, Internet Protocol, New Technology, Protocol | 
Tags: effort service, generation protocol, information concering, internet protocol version, internet protocol version 4, internet protocol version 6, internet qos, nat network address translation, network address translation, network layer protocol, networking problems, next generation internet, next generation internet ipv6, oriented protocols, route packets | 
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USB 3.0
USB 3.0 (following Wireless USB) is the next major revision of the ubiquitous Universal Serial Bus, created in 1996 by a consortium of companies led by Intel to dramatically simplify the connection between host computer and peripheral devices. Fast forwarding to 2009, USB 2.0 has been firmly entrenched as the de-facto interface standard in the PC world for years (with about 6 billion devices sold), and yet still the need for more speed by ever faster computing hardware and ever greater bandwidth demands again drive us to where a couple of hundred megabits per second is just not fast enough.
What other improvements does USB 3.0 provide?
The enhancements to SuperSpeed USB are not just for higher data rates, but for improving the interaction between device and host computer. While the core architectural elements are inherited from before, several changes were made to support the dual bus arrangement, and several more are notable for how users can experience the improvement that USB 3.0 makes over USB 2.0:
- More power when needed
- 50% more power is provided for unconfigured or suspended devices (150 mA up from 100 mA), and 80% more power is available for configured devices (900 mA up from 500 mA). This means that more power-hungry devices could be bus powered, and battery powered devices that previously charged using bus power could potentially charge more quickly.
- A new Powered-B receptable is defined with two extra contacts that enable a devices to provide up to 1000 mA to another device, such as a Wireless USB adapter. This eliminates the need for a power supply to accompany the wireless adapter…coming just a bit closer to the ideal system of a wireless link without wires (not even for power). In regular wired USB connections to a host or hub, these 2 extra contacts are not used.
- Less power when it’s not needed
Power efficiency was a key objective in the move to USB 3.0. Some examples of more efficient use of power are:- Link level power management, which means either the host computer or the device can initiate a power savings state when idle
- The ability for links to enter progressively lower power management states when the link partners are idle
- Continuous device polling is eliminated
- Broadcast packet transmission through hubs is eliminated
- Device and individual function level suspend capabilities allow devices to remove power from all, or portions of their circuitry not in use
- Streaming for bulk transfers is supported for faster performance
- Isochronous transfers allows devices to enter low power link states between service intervals
- Devices can communicate new information such as their latency tolerance to the host, which allows better power performance
To paint an accurate picture, not everything in USB 3.0 is a clear improvement. Cable length, for one, is expected to have a significant limitation when used in applications demanding the highest possible throughput. Although maximum cable length is not specified in the USB 3.0 specification, the electrical properties of the cable and signal quality limitations may limit the practical length to around 3 metres when multi-gigabit transfer rates are desired. This length, of course, can be extended through the use of hubs or signal extenders.
Additionally, some SuperSpeed USB hardware, such as hubs, may always be more expensive than their USB 2.0 counterparts. This is because by definition, a SuperSpeed hub contains 2 hubs: one that enumerates as a SuperSpeed hub, and a second one that enumerates as a regular high-speed hub. Until the USB hub silicon becomes an integrated SuperSpeed USB + Hi-Speed USB part, there may always be a significant price difference.
Some unofficial discussion has surfaced on the web with respect to fiber-optic cabling for longer cable length with USB 3.0. The specification makes no mention of optical cabling, so we conclude that this will be defined in a future spec revision, or left to 3rd party companies to implement cable extension solutions for SuperSpeed USB.
What new applications does USB 3.0 enable?
In a nutshell, any high-bandwidth device that works with USB 2.0 will become better if updated with USB 3.0 support. At the moment, devices that tax the throughput of USB 2.0 include:
- External hard drives – capable of more than twice the throughput available from USB 2.0, not to mention bus-powered portable drives that require non-compliant Y-cables to get the current they require for reliable operation
- High resolution webcams, video surveillance cameras
- Video display solutions, such as DisplayLink USB video technology
- Digital video cameras and digital still cameras with USB interface
- Multi-channel audio interfaces
- External media such as Blu-Ray drives
High end flash drives can also push USB 2.0 pretty hard, and oftentimes if multiple devices are connected via hub, throughput will suffer.
USB 3.0 opens up the laneways and provides more headroom for devices to deliver a better overall user experience. Where USB video was barely tolerable previously (both from a maximum resolution, latency, and video compression perspective), it’s easy to imagine that with 5-10 times the bandwidth available, USB video solutions should work that much better. Single-link DVI requires almost 2Gbps throughput. Where 480Mbps was limiting, 5Gbps is more than promising.
With its promised 4.8Gbps speed, the standard will find its way into some products that previously weren’t USB territory, like external RAID storage systems.
Posted in Computer, New Technology | Tags: architectural elements, bandwidth demands, bus power, configured devices, dual bus, host computer, megabits per second, New Technology, pc world, peripheral devices, power efficiency, unconfigured, universal serial bus, usb connections, wireless adapter, wireless usb adapter | No Comments »
The Difference Between LED And LCD TV And Reasons In Choosing A LED LCD TV
Currently LED televisions are about 50% more than an LCD tv. However the price gap has been narrowing and will continue to do so. An LED tv uses light emitting diodes ad its source of light for the television. An LED tv uses these diodes to create a much more vibrant and colorful image. The blacks are truly black (not dark gray) and the colors are more realistic vs an LCD tv. LED tvs can achieve a contrast ratio of up to 500,000:1. They also in general have a higher refresh rate which will help when watching shows with motion such as sports or movies.
LCD FACTS
Good Picture Quality, but Images may “burn” in Display
Energy Costs run Between $150-200 per year to operate an LCD
Mercury is used in Manufacturing Process
Cost is the Cheaper of the Two Choices
LED FACTS
State of the Art Picture Quality
About 40% Less Energy usage than a same sized LCD TV
Mercury Free and a VERY Thin Design
Currently LED TV’s Cost about 20-30% more
The major difference between LED and LCD televisions is the environmental effect.
LCD televisions use mercury in the manufacturing process versus the LED tv which does not! Mercury is very bad for the environment. Mercury is also used in making solar cells but that is off topic. An LED hdtv will also use about 40% LESS power than the same size LCD tv. Power usage is the dark secret of all the new line of HDTVs. An LCD or plasma television cost between $10-15 per month to operate. That is quite high particularly if you have more than one. The tree hugger in me comes down firmly on the side of LED televisions.
The thickness and therefore the weight is the last major difference of LED vs LCD tvs.
LED televisions are about one third the thickness of the same size LCD tv. Correspondingly, the weight is about half. This could come into play when deciding how to mount your new HDTV.
A Light Emitting Diode Liquid-Crystal Display Television (LED LCD TV) is an LCD TV technology that uses an LED backlighting instead of the usual Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lights (CCFL) in traditional LCD televisions. It effectively replaced CCFLs with LEDs to give brightness. LED TVs’ backlight has two main forms; edge lighting and local dimming for thin LEDs around the panel, and to brighten dark areas of the screen, respectively. The following are the five reasons why to choose LED TVs:
5 Reasons In Choosing A LED LCD TV
1. Wide Color Accuracy Gamut
LED’s backlight colors are white and Red-Green-Blue (RGB) LEDs. The white LED is common with the traditional LCD TVs that consumes low power while the RGB plays important role in terms of wide color accuracy gamut where CCFL cannot attain. It has 105% of National Television System Committee (NTSC) color scale and can achieve as high as 120% that made it a powerful device.
2. Green Energy
In controlling external light imaging, changes in liquid crystal molecules arrangement matters most. This is LED TVs unique advantage and the key to its strengths and weaknesses. As many changes in arrangement as high it controls external lights.
3. Liquid Crystals Molecules Arrangement
Wherein lots of workstations, users, and applications are needed to accommodate, buy an IOPS that focus on indicators so that the server can hold more requests. The indicators are pertaining to high or low read IOPS SSD. Having multiple CPUs and huge memory storage are not enough to sustain the server operations. It is important to have a high read IOPS SSD for daily operational applications.
4. Longevity
LED TVs are twice longer than CCFLs’ 100,000 hours. Aside from that, long time usage of CCFL TVs degrades color accuracy and performance which LED TVs can maintain throughout its life span.
5. Thin
LED TVs gets notebook computers approach which has thin leap fuselage compare with LCDs’ 10cm thick. This is considered as one reason a buyer should think aside from saving space, it is super-slim high end TV technology.
To Fix Disk Boot Failure
Disk Boot Failure is a problem which arises when you try to boot the computer from the files installed on a disk which could be hard disk”
Materials Needed:
- A large number of disks to boot the system
- piece of cloth
- screw driver to open the cabinet
- wires.
Step 1
floppy or CD-ROM. Disk Boot Failure could arise from a large number of sources. Few of The reasons are corrupt bootable disk
Step 2
Order of devices to boot from in BIOS setting
Step 3
Problem with IDE port of motherboard and many more. The problem could be solved in more than one way. It really depends on which way works for you at this point of time.”,Step 1 is to check your disk for any problem. Check if the disk is properly inserted and is working fine i.e. it is not corrupt and all the data could be read by the disk reader easily. Physically check all cabling connections in the computer system. A loose or in some cases
Step 4
Failing cable will produce these errors. Check if disk is not having any scratches and dust on it. If dust is there remove it and reinsert the disk and restart the system. If problem still persists move to step 2.”
Step 5
Check for your BIOS setting. Check for the order of devices to boot from. Because it might be possible that your settings allow your computer to boot only from the local hard disk and if that disk is not working properly your computer throws the error message as it is not having anything to boot from. For this go to the BIOS settings by pressing ‘Del’ key during booting your computer. Then go to Bios settings and select the order of the disks in which you want to boot from. Then save the changes and exit the system and restart. If the problem is still unresolved move to step 3.
Step 6
A weak SMP could also be a reason. Check your battery for power supply. If it was the reason for the problem change the SMP as the problem would arise again if you continue with the same SMP.
Step 7
Check your BIOS battery. It is the circular battery placed on the motherboard. Check if it is working fine. A dead Bios Battery will also cause the same problem. So remove it, clean it with a piece of cloth and reinsert it. Restart the system. If problem still exists move to next step.
Step 8
Remove your RAM from the motherboard and clean it with a piece of cloth and reinsert it properly onto the motherboard. Restart the system. And if this also does not solve your problem call customer care persons of your computer’s vendors as it might be a technical problem requiring professionals to handle it.
Posted in Computer | Tags: bios settings, bootable disk, computer system, disk boot failure, hard disk, piece of cloth, rom disk, scratches and dust, screw driver, smp, step 1, step 2, step 3, step 6, time step | No Comments »
To Fix My Computer Freezes For Free
Computer technicians often hear from clients repair my computer. “In fact, this problem is a warning sign that there is indeed something wrong with the system and you need to address both. Otherwise, it can lead to various complications, such as crashes your system. Being the doctor of their own computer and be guided by the following tips.
Maximize the defragmentation tool. All the tools presented in the system have a specific reason. Defragment tool is like an emergency room to the wound. When you start the program, some of the information is stored on your hard drive. After a while ‘, accumulates and requires Windows to find information each time. Defragmenting the files will address this problem.
Scan your hard drive for unnecessary components. There is always a possibility that your computer may be affected by viruses, spyware and adware. You can get one or all three of these by plugging the infected removable storage devices like flash drives, memory cards and others. You may also be infected with the virus when visiting untrusted sites. These unnecessary components can completely destroy all your files. You can use the verification system files if you do not have antivirus software installed on your computer. With these tips, you will not need to say “repair my computer” to someone else.
Reinstalling the operating system. If you have used all these efforts, but the computer is still slow or stop suddenly, you can do your last resort. You need different drivers, such as drivers on the Internet, audio and video. This gives you a great chance that your computer is fixed, regardless of the problem is.
Make sure you use all available tools on the computer. Check the software and hardware to see if something needs an update. You must also assess whether you have the essential skills to pull this trick effectively. If you have any doubt, it is best to consult a medical team. It would be better to say “repair my computer” only worsen the situation of your device.